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Lunar rover by hi joiney
History br Apollo 15 Lunar Rover br The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo itself with a 1950s series in Collier s Weekly magazine by Wernher Von Braun and others Man Will Conquer Space Soon describing a six week stay on the moon featuring ten ton tractor trailers for moving supplies In the February 1964 issue of Popular Science Von Braun then director of NASA Marshall Space Flight Centre discussed the need for a lunar surface vehicle br The author of the general idea design and form of the Lunar Roving Vehicle was Polish American engineer scientist and inventor Mieczyslaw G Bekker The final lightweight design the new tires and the folding mechanism of the assembly were the inventions of the Hungarian American engineer Ferenc Pavlics br The first cost plus incentive fee contract to Boeing with Delco as a major sub contractor was for 19 000 000 and called for delivery of the first LRV by April 1 1971 but cost overruns led to a final cost of 38 000 000 Four lunar rovers were built one each for Apollo missions 15 16 and 17 and one that was used for spare parts after the cancellation of further Apollo missions There were other LRV models built a static model to assist with human factors design an engineering model to design and integrate the subsystems two 1 6 gravity models for testing the deployment mechanism a 1 gravity trainer to give the astronauts instruction in the operation of the rover and allow them to practice driving it a mass model to test the effect of the rover on the Apollo Lunar Module LM structure balance and handling a vibration test unit to study the LRV s durability and handling of launch stresses and a qualification test unit to study integration of all LRV subsystems br LRVs were used for greater surface mobility during the Apollo J class missions Apollo 15 Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 The rover was first used on July 31 1971 during the Apollo 15 mission This greatly expanded the range of the lunar explorers Previous teams of astronauts were restricted to short walking distances around the landing site due to the bulky space suit equipment required to sustain life in the lunar environment The rovers had a top speed of about 8 160 mph 13 160 km h although Gene Cernan recorded a maximum speed of 11 2 160 mph 18 0 160 km h giving him the unofficial lunar land speed record br The LRV was developed in only 17 months and yet performed all its functions on the Moon with no major anomalies Harrison Schmitt of Apollo 17 said the Lunar Rover proved to be the reliable safe and flexible lunar exploration vehicle we expected it to be Without it the major scientific discoveries of Apollo 15 16 and 17 would not have been possible and our current understanding of lunar evolution would not have been possible br The LRVs did experience some minor problems however The rear fender extension on the Apollo 16 LRV was lost during the mission s second EVA extra vehicular activity at station 8 when Young bumped into it while going to assist Duke The dust thrown up from the wheel covered the crew the console and the communications equipment High battery temperatures and resulting high power consumption ensued No repair attempt was mentioned The fender extension on the Apollo 17 LRV broke when accidentally bumped by Eugene Cernan with a hammer handle The crew taped the extension back in place but due to the dusty surfaces the tape did not adhere and the extension was lost after about one hour of driving causing the astronauts to be covered with dust For the second EVA a replacement fender was made with some EVA maps duct tape and a pair of clamps from inside the Lunar Module nominally intended for the moveable overhead light This repair was later undone so that the clamps could be brought back inside for launch The maps were brought back and are now on display at the National Air and Space Museum The abrasion from the dust is evident on some portions of the makeshift fender br The color television camera mounted on the front of the LRV could be remotely operated by Mission Control in two axes pan and tilt This allowed far better television coverage of the EVA than the earlier missions On each mission at the conclusion of the astronauts stay on the surface the Commander drove the LRV to a position away from the Lunar Module so that the camera could record the ascent stage launch br NASA s rovers have been abandoned and thus added to the list of artificial objects on the Moon Also on that list are the Soviet Union s unmanned rovers named Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 br Features and specifications br Eugene A Cernan test drives the Apollo 17 lunar rover shortly after unloading it from the LM br The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle was an electric vehicle designed to operate in the low gravity vacuum of the Moon and to be capable of traversing the lunar surface allowing the Apollo astronauts to extend the range of their surface extravehicular activities Three LRVs were used on the Moon one on Apollo 15 by astronauts David Scott and Jim Irwin one on Apollo 16 by John Young and Charles Duke and one on Apollo 17 by Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt The mission Commanders served as the drivers occupying the left hand seats of LRVs br Mass and payload br The Lunar Roving Vehicle had a mass of 463 lbm 210 kg and was designed to hold a payload of an additional 1 080 lbm 490 kg on the lunar surface The frame was 10 feet 3 m long with a wheelbase of 7 5 feet 2 3 m The height of the vehicle was 3 6 ft 1 1 m The frame was made of aluminum alloy 2219 tubing welded assemblies and consisted of a three part chassis which was hinged in the center so it could be folded up and hung in the Lunar Module quad 1 bay It had two side by side foldable seats made of tubular aluminum with nylon webbing and aluminum floor panels An armrest was mounted between the seats and each seat had adjustable footrests and a Velcro seatbelt A large mesh dish antenna was mounted on a mast on the front center of the rover The suspension consisted of a double horizontal wishbone with upper and lower torsion bars and a damper unit between the chassis and upper wishbone Fully loaded the LRV had a ground clearance of 14 inches 35 cm br Wheels and power br The wheels were manufactured by General Motors Defense Research Laboratories They consisted of a spun aluminum hub and a 32 160 inches 81 160 cm diameter 9 160 inches 23 160 cm wide tire made of zinc coated woven 0 033 160 inches 0 84 160 mm diameter steel strands attached to the rim and discs of formed aluminum Titanium chevrons covered 50 percent of the contact area to provide traction Inside the tire was a 25 5 160 inches 65 160 cm diameter bump stop frame to protect the hub Dust guards were mounted above the wheels Each wheel had its own electric drive made by Delco DC series wound motor capable of 0 25 160 horsepower 190 160 W 10 000 rpm attached to the wheel via an 80 1 harmonic drive and a mechanical brake unit Maneuvering capability was provided through the use of front and rear steering motors Each series wound DC steering motor was capable of 0 1 160 horsepower 75 160 W Both sets of wheels would turn in opposite directions giving a steering radius of 10 160 feet 3 160 m or could be decoupled so only one set would be used for steering They could also free wheel in case of drive failure Power was provided by two 36 volt silver zinc potassium hydroxide non rechargeable batteries with a capacity of 121 Ah each a total of 242 Ah translating into a range of 57 160 mi 92 160 km These were used to power the drive and steering motors and also a 36 volt utility outlet mounted on front of the LRV to power the communications relay unit or the TV camera LRV batteries and electronics were passively cooled using reflective upward facing radiating surfaces mounted atop each battery unit While driving radiators were covered with mylar blankets to minimize dust accumulation When stopped the astronauts would open the blankets and manually removed dust from the cooling surfaces with hand brushes br Control and navigation br Lunar Rover diagram NASA br A T shaped hand controller situated between the two seats controlled the four drive motors two steering motors and brakes Moving the stick forward powered the LRV forward left and right turned the vehicle left or right pulling backwards activated the brakes Activating a switch on the handle before pulling back would put the LRV into reverse Pulling the handle all the way back activated a parking brake The control and display modules were situated in front of the handle and gave information on the speed heading pitch and power and temperature levels br Navigation was based on continuously recording direction and distance through use of a directional gyro and odometer and feeding this data to a computer which would keep track of the overall direction and distance back to the LM There was also a Sun shadow device which could give a manual heading based on the direction of the Sun using the fact that the Sun moved very slowly in the sky br Usage br Each rover was used on three traverses one per day over the three day course of each mission with the individual performances logged as follows br mission br total distance br total time br longest single traverse br maximum range from the LM br Apollo 15 br 17 25 160 miles 27 76 160 km br 3h 02 m br 7 75 160 miles 12 47 160 km br 3 1 160 miles 5 0 160 km br Apollo 16 br 16 50 160 miles 26 55 160 km br 3h 26 m br 7 20 160 miles 11 59 160 km br 2 8 160 miles 4 5 160 km br Apollo 17 br 22 30 160 miles 35 89 160 km br 4h 26 m br 12 50 160 miles 20 12 160 km br 4 7 160 miles 7 6 160 km br An operational constraint on the use of the LRV was that the astronauts must be able to walk back to the LM if the LRV were to fail at any time during the EVA called the Walkback Limit Thus the traverses were limited in the distance they could go at the start and at any time later in the EVA Therefore they went to the farthest point away from the LM and worked their way back to it so that as the life support consumables were depleted their remaining walk back distance was equally diminished This constraint was relaxed during the longest traverse on Apollo 17 based on the demonstrated reliability of the LRV and spacesuits on previous missions br Deployment br Deployment of the LRV from the LM quad 1 by the astronauts was achieved with a system of pulleys and braked reels using ropes and cloth tapes The rover was folded and stored in quad 1 with the underside of the chassis facing out One astronaut would climb the egress ladder on the LM and release the rover which would then be slowly tilted out by the second astronaut on the ground through the use of reels and tapes As the rover was let down from the bay most of the deployment was automatic The rear wheels folded out and locked in place and when they touched the ground the front of the rover could be unfolded the wheels deployed and the entire frame let down to the surface by pulleys br The rover components locked into place upon opening Cabling pins and tripods would then be removed and the seats and footrests raised After switching on all the electronics the vehicle was ready to back away from the LM br Current locations br rover replica on display at Epcot br Several rovers were created for testing training or validation purposes The engineering mockup is on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle Washington The Qualification Test Unit is on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D C The rover used for vibration testing is on display in the Davidson Saturn V Center at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Alabama Additional test units are on display at the Johnson Space Center in Houston Texas and the Kennedy Space Center Visitors Complex in Cape Canaveral Florida br Replicas of rovers are on display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola Florida and Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in Hutchinson Kansas A replica on loan from the Smithsonian Institution is on display at the Mission Space attraction at the Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando Florida br Four flight ready rovers were manufactured The rover used on Apollo 15 was left on the lunar surface at Hadley Apennine 26 10 N 3 65 E The rover used on Apollo 16 was left on the lunar surface at Descartes 8 99 S 15 51 E The rover used on Apollo 17 was left on the lunar surface at Taurus Littrow 20 16 N 30 76 E br Future rovers br Chang e 3 br Main article Chang e 3 br Chang e 3 is a Chinese lunar rover scheduled for launch in 2013 It will be China s first lunar rover part of the second phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program undertaken by China National Space Administration CNSA br NASA br NASA s plans for future lunar exploration such as in the 2020s call for a new class of rovers that have a far longer range than the Apollo rovers br See also br Lunokhod programme br Manned space missions br Unmanned space missions br
About the Author
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